Remediation of Soils Contaminated by Fluoride Using a Fermentation Product of Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii)

This study investigated the efficacy of fermented seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) on remediation fluoride-contaminated soil. The soil was amended with either 1.25, 3.0, or 5.0% (w/w) (FSW), parallel controls (0%). amendment improved physicochemical properties particularly pH regulated from strong alkaline (9.3) to neutral (7.0) which is essential for germination, crop growth, and yield. amount water soluble-fluoride (Ws-F) dropped 81.7 ± 3.1 mg/kg 42.7 2.4, 33.7 1.2, 19.6 0.9, 12 1.3 following 0, 3, 5% dosage, respectively. Most Ws-F converted into exchangeable fluoride (Ex-F) fluoride-bound iron manganese (Fe/Mn-F). Furthermore, also enhanced microbial mass diversity in FSW contains organic acids participate ionic bonding multivalent cations formed compound participates ion exchange clay anionic adsorption positively charged sites at edges. interaction further enhancing holding capacity use reduced bioavailability agricultural soils had positive effects promoting fertility. However, studies observe its performance significance.